The Pre-Socratic Tradition and Socratic Philosophy Essay Example for Free

The Pre-Socratic Tradition and Socratic Philosophy EssaySocrates was one of the approximately relevant figures in philosophy. His sour in this field of discipline was so extensive that every philosopher who came after him followed in his footsteps. Though the history of philosophy considers Socrates as a central figure, there were lesser known but equally strategic philosophers who came in advance him. These individuals are known as Pre-Socratic philosophers. Now the philosophy before the time of Socrates and the philosophy that Socrates influenced shared correspondingities and differences.This essay seeks to discuss what makes these philosophies alike and what sets them apart. What was the pre-Socratic tradition all about? What was its subject matter? To properly describe the pre-Socratic tradition, there are several themes to consider. First, this tradition deviates from mythology and religion (Soccio 62). During the Greek civilization, the knowledge of the people was f ounded on either mythology or religion. The upshots to their inquiries were provided for them by the stories of gods and goddesses. Pre-Socratic tradition relies on neither mythology nor religion.Second, its main preoccupations are nature and the world (Soccio 63-64). The thinkers before the time of Socrates were not satisfied with what was already established about how nature was or how the world worked. Instead, they posed their own questions on the workings of nature and the universe. Third, the pre-Socratic tradition used reason in their explanations backside the ways of nature and the world (Soccio 64). Prior to the emergence of these thinkers, the only explanations available were those which were mythical or religious in nature.As was earlier stated, the pre-Socratic tradition deviated from mythology and religion. This deviation is due to the preference for rational investigation. The pre-Socratic thinkers attempted to verify their views with reason (Soccio 64). These three themes unsex what the pre-Socratic tradition was about. There were many thinkers who were part of the pre-Socratic tradition. Three of these thinkers were Thales, Heraclitus and Anaxagoras (Soccio 64). All three pre-Socratics were preoccupied with discovering the ways of the world with the use of reason rather than mythology and religion.Thales was the first remarkable pre-Socratic thinker in history. He upheld the belief that water was the cistron behind all things. For Thales, every single thing in the world was created with water. He change the complex workings of the world into a single substancewater (Soccio 65). The conclusion that Thales had arrived at was not based on religious speculation or mythological presumptions. Instead, he created a rational explanation for what he observed in nature (Soccio 65). Just like Thales, Heraclitus also inquired about the world and the element which kept it together.If Thales believed it was water, Heraclitus thought it was countersig n (Soccio 67). Logos is not actually an element per se it was more of a principle. The word Logos itself has several meanings, but Heraclitus support that it is the law which maintains everything and is contained in everything (Soccio 68). The Heraclitean Logos is the one responsible for the world order (Soccio 68). Lastly, Anaxagoras continues the tradition of the two aforementioned thinkers by proceeding with the inquiry about the cosmos.If Heraclitus believed that it was Logos which dictated the order of the world, for Anaxagoras it was Nous (Soccio 73). Nous is not an element, principle or process. It is define as the Mind which sets the pattern of the universe. This Nous influences the things of the world without being contained in them (Soccio 73). The pre-Socratic tradition is different from Socratic philosophy. It is through the differences between the two in which Socratic philosophy can be defined. The pre-Socratics were interested on cosmologythe causes behind the worki ngs of the world (Soccio 63).They investigated on nature and the world. Meanwhile, Socratic philosophy is not limited to cosmology. Socrates himself did not write anything, and his teachings were only reflected through the works of other thinkers (King 23). unrivaled of those thinkers, and the about influential Socratic philosopher, was Plato. Socratic philosophy is interested in a wide range of philosophical disciplines, which include epistemology, ethics and metaphysics (King 24). The metaphysical influence of Socrates is evident in Platos theory of Forms (Kraut).Another difference between the pre-Socratic tradition and Socratic philosophy is ascend. Pre-Socratic thinkers did not have a specific approach to philosophy. Initially, they were more concerned with subject matter rather than method (Soccio 63). On the contrary, Socrates is recognized for his approach or method. It was Socrates who started the process of cross-examination or elenchus this is popularly known as the Soc ratic Method (King 23). This process does not impart knowledge it includes a system of questions which soon reveal what a person really knows.Plato followed this method, as most of his works were dialogues which feature Socrates (King 24). Just like Socrates, Plato believes that knowledge is not acquired, but simply recollected (King 24). The pre-Socratic thinkers and the Socratics also share similarities. For instance, how do these people count as philosophers? The answer is the same for both. They are philosophers because they were dedicated to seek the answers for questions about nature, the world or life in general.A philosopher is not distinguished for his wisdom rather, he is defined by his love for it (Soccio 63). A philosopher is a thinker who seeks out the truth he devotes his energy in investigations and observations which would bring him closer to the truth. Pre-Socratic thinkers, Socrates and the other Socratics are similar in this account, as they all love wisdom and in quire about the truth. Another similarity between the pre-Socratic thinkers and the Socratics is rational communication. All these thinkers support their arguments with reason.Rational discourse necessitates the use of reason in establishing views on reality so that it could be properly verified (Soccio 65). It is a fact that Socrates had a monumental influence on philosophy. However, that does not mean that pre-Socratics have a lesser role in the development of philosophy. The role of Socrates in the history of philosophy is just as important as the thinkers that came before him. Between the pre-Socratic tradition and the Socratic approach, there are more differences than similarities. Regardless, both of these have made remarkable contributions to philosophy in general.

Republican demise Essay Example for Free

Republican demise EssaySaddam is fairishly sure about his future at the curiosity of this one-sided trial in Baghdad. He would some likely meet an end rightly deserved by a cruel perpetrator against humanity. no(prenominal) of us is immune to fear, pain and loss. But to suffer the fate of an uncertain future could be worse than any of these feelings. From this point of view, George Bush, informed of Republican demise, Tony Blair, assured of his exit and Saddam Hussein, argon all on the same boat certain of their fate. The biggest sufferers of the war in Iraq, be no doubt the Iraqis, suffering the approximately gruesome bloodshed that mankind has witnessed in recent times.To classify the next category of sufferers are the people who follow Islam. Iraq war has resulted in stereotyping the collaborators and extremists and has led Muslims in the Middle East to feel that its a war against their community. Due to the cascading effect that travels in communities and religions, t he Muslims in most of the other countries also share this view. Unfortunately, the unfitness to locate the so-called utensils of mass destruction has also cast a serious doubt on the intentions of USA and UK in the minds of millions residing in their own countries.Now, more of us can relate to the uncertainty sneaking in the minds of people who had to commute on the morning of 8th July 2005 or 12th September 2001. Our authorities has through with(p) its best to gift unscathed tentativeness to British citizens. To foresee a natural calamity is definitely not expected from our leaders. But to invent a manmade catastrophe is also not what we deserve. In order to be socially responsible and contribute in preserving human rights, Britain has to contribute in the current creative activity order. We cannot ignore the atrocities inflicted on mankind especially when we have the capacity to affect the situation.However, to bully a bully is also not a sensible stance. let us analyze the p retext of spillage into this war as claimed in a dossier presented in the British parliament on 24th September 2002. The rally points of Blairs defense for offense were Iraqi regimes program to develop nuclear, biological, chemical weapons of mass destruction. Aiding, memory boarding and supporting groups like Al Qaida by this regime. He argued that Saddam has brutalized his own people using chemical warfare, so far the only blame that could be substantiated after dethroning the dictator.After explaining the threat present to the region by the Iraqi regime, he lamented I am quite clear that Saddam will go to extreme lengths, indeed has already done so, to hide these weapons and avoid giving them up. Where are those weapons of mass destruction now? Another losing battle is on the economic front. It is clear that the total cost of trading operations in Iraq is quickly exceeding previous estimates, and is now hearty over the ? 3 billion originally set aside by the Chancellor to f und the conflict. Rough estimates suggest that as much as an extra ?1 billion will be required for each further year UK forces confront in Iraq. Perhaps as important as the rising costs themselves is the lack of transparency about where the money is going, and how much more will be needed in the future. The Iraq Analysis Group calls on the future government to clarify the costs of war in terms of size and expenditure type, and how they are being met. In the meantime, we will update this briefing as further information becomes available. It seems that the British government had detailed plans of how to go in? but neer planned or foresaw on how and when to come out? Reluctantly enough, people of Great Britain stood by their elected leaders and the choices they made at the time of going into this war. The imminent dangers painted on our minds with repetitive citations on terror, terrorist attacks, axis of evil, tyrannical regime etc, were potent enough for us to conceptualise that we are going to booking for peace. (Oliver King and Paul Hamilos, 2006). The UN was shoved aside, French, German and Russian representatives were simply ignored.Ironically, these nations are geographically and diplomatically a lot close to United Kingdom than Iraq. Somehow, British finding to act as the drum beater for this war, has also led the world to believe that commitment of our conscience is mortgaged to the USA. With his efforts, Blair successfully blurred the identity of our nation. Most of the media in the Middle East now cite UK and USA in the same breath, especially in context of the Iraq war. USA had suffered an indelible blow on 9/11. And we suffered a seemingly low scale trailer on 7/7, primarily due our policies on Iraq.A common view point held by world leaders is that the use of force can never be justified unless all other means of negotiation fail. UN inspectors on Iraqs weapon program had certainly failed in their job as they were neither supported nor shown an y cooperation by the Iraqi regime. The report from the chief UN inspector fortified the empty words from George Bush who went to label Saddams tactics as a charade. (George Bush, 2003). In such circumstances and in those times when most of the nations were made to believe that whats going on in Iraq is dangerous for humanity, use of armed action certainly seemed feasible.A dictator, who could kill his own people, can very well drop a bomb on neighboring countries. The dangers and ease of spreading Anthrax as a biological weapon could not be taken as anything less than a grave concern. Just one push of a button could have caused irreparable and unrecoverable destruction. Faced with such a situation, UKs stance on supporting USA is acceptable. To wait for Saddam to light a fuse for such havoc would have reduced most of the world leaders to a laughing stock, only if few of them would survive to be mocked at.Pre-emptive strike, as popularized by the US media, earns a lot of credibility in this context. Britain, or as a matter of fact any other nation, would react with utter might in order to prevent this. And if the countries surrounding Iraq are themselves grasping for survival and development, the onus does fall on developed nations to resolve the stalemate. Negotiations since 1995 were not bearing any fruits other than letting Saddam to build a black economy of earning billions despite the sanctions imposed on Iraq. Worse, none of this money was used to feed the destitute or mitigating infant mortality.The dictator had built water-tight ship canal of siphoning money into his personal accounts. The discovery of vast amounts of money being utilized without any tab raised suspicions in the minds of the majority. This surely was a reason binding enough to strike. And there is evidence that Saddam utilized all these years to fool the international community. It will also be not entirely fair to say that Blair did not weigh the situation at all We waited 12 years a nd then went through the United Nations. It is now three months since we gave Saddam what we called a final opportunity. (BBC News, 2003)

Romeo And Juliet Play And Movie Comparison Film Studies Essay

Romeo And Juliet Play And Movie Comparison Film Studies EssayThe crown of English literature for plays, embedded with timeless and priceless gems, rests certain(prenominal)ly on the head of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare has created masterpieces in every possible genres of play. Romeo and Juliet is an everlasting (or ever grey due to tragic over tones?) play which draws undivided or unparallel attention of the writers even during this modern era.Apart from enjoying immense popularity when it was enacted as a drama during the early part of the sixteenth snow, the beginning of mid twentieth century witnessed this play being converted into videos in 1968, and 1996. Both the picture shows stayed faithful to the original storyline however, the 1996 version, Baz Lurhmann adopted the storyline to reflect the revealing trend of dispute among devil feuding families. It is an exciting task to make a detailed study of the play, and its comparison in divergent aspect with the immensely p opular 1996 version directed by the Australian, Baz Lurhmann.Romeo and Juliet, though termed as tragedy carries more of Shakespeares comedy elements. Love is obviously the dominating and most vital theme of this play. The whole play is intertwined on the romanticist love among Romeo and Juliet at their first sight. In this play, love supersede other characteristics such as loyalty, emotions etc. In this play, the lovers deny the family and the entire instauration and proceed with their marriage. This is evident from the words of Juliet, Or if thou wilt non, be but sworn my love, I / And Ill no longer be a Capulet (Romeo and Juliet. 2.2. 38-39).Romeo abandons his close friends, Mercutio and Benvolio and even risks his life and returns to Verona for the sake of his lady love even after being sent in exile. Love becomes a riding promote for every incident narrated in the play. The lovers are emotionally triggered and take impulsive decisions by this, they go against the norms of t his world. Also, love is described as a religion. This is clear in the lines describing Romeo and Juliets first meeting. The readers can observe that Juliet has no words to explain her love for Romeo and thus refuses to describe it in words. But my true love is grown to such excess / I cannot sum up some of half my wealth (Romeo and Juliet 2.6. 33-34).Thus, it is clear that both the lovers are not able to explain their love and tick it with the society, family and religion. Their inability to draw line between their love and other ties can be said as a vital reason for their tragic end. By this, their love takes a back seat and death and violence occupies the front seat. The delicate ingredients of family feud, immature teenage aspirations and above all the raging love between the teenagers provides a great and ideal platform for Shakespeare to come up with an immortal tragedy. It is quite natural that film makers were inevitably attracted and motivated to make an interesting movie from the play.The project of making a movie on Romeo and Juliet certainly has some challenges to be encountered. Firstly, in the narrative, the vivid descriptions of the various scenarios are brought out in a several lines of verse while the same can be made into a visual presentation involving much lesser times and words. Secondly, certain precise features in the realm of plays such as soliloquy are brought out in a distinctive style but picturization of the same is a different proposition altogether as the technical advancements has facilitated to project the actors expressions and bodily gestures by way of close-up shots and suitable editing in a forth dear manner which is not possible in the play. Again, the advanced film making technique with avenues like lightning, wide variety of locales, costumes, advanced make-up facilities, make-up for an effective combination to upraise excellent visual effects as compared to the limitations in the enactment of the play. Thus, the aven ues are open for effecting the most picture perfect visualization.Baz Luhrmann has been successful in innovating the adaption of the screenplay in a different background scenario drawing a unique visual style, reflecting the politics and trends that existed in a combination of 1940s, 1970s and 1990s. Luhrmann deposits the play in the modern Verona bank this can also be interpreted as reminding part decaying Miami and part Mexico City as frequent and high crime rate areas (Berardinelli, 1996). Accordingly, fast cars with nose drops engines in the movie replace the horses in the play. Guns come in to occupy the place of swords and daggers. This kind of a hybrid with an old play in rude(a) setting makes a startling impression on the viewer.While trying to bring out the directors intent, it would be in order to bring out certain important scene of the play, especially pertaining to the love-scene. The way it has been brought out in picturization acquires a special credit. Firstly, the balcony scene is considered by m some(prenominal)(prenominal) scholars to be the highlight of the play w here(predicate) the force of youth love is brought out vibrantly to be stronger than all the forces that work against it. Luhrmann takes Shakespeares use of 190 lines and reduces it to 90 lines. He also switches the venue from the orchard to the swimming pool. However, he manages to retain the main intent of the lovers (Modern Film Adaptations of Shakespeare). Again, the camera work here is quite impressive in usual cases the camera is moving frantically, however here the camera remains fixed in a tight close-up as Romeos dialogue, But, soft What light through yonder window breaks? (Romeo and Juliet 2.2.2), and the camera stays super close to the lovers as they discover for each one other and realize how much they are attracted to each other and how deep in love they are with each other. This scene take place in the pool courtyard of the Capulet mansion and is noticeably mor e muted than other scenes the importance of words and feelings gain authority allowing Shakespeares poetry to come through in full bloom (Modern Film Adaptations of Shakespeare).While essaying on the directors perspective, it is worthwhile to discuss about the technical credits of the movie the camera is always seen roving around there are many instances in the movie where rapid cuts and screaming soundtrack might make the viewer discredit whether he is watching a rock-video Also, the camera tricks, the special effects such as a roiling storm and the rebellious splash of colors right through the movie gains priority relegating the romantic theme into the background, in the process, lose certain more intangibles of intricate romance. This is more manifested in the first hardly a(prenominal) scenes of the movie and tends to get corrected as it progresses.In conclusion, any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two major factors. The first is the competence of the direc tor. The second factor is the ability of the main cast members. Any other innovations and unconventional flourishes applied by the director and technicians will not carry any significance. With these viewpoints, the litterateur can appreciate that the play Romeo and Juliet has fallen in the capable hands of directors and actors such as Luhrmann, DiCaprio and Danes. This 1996 film version of the play, despite being interpreted as a loud and brash version, and despite being unacceptable to the high-level experts as a classic, it has certainly helped widen their perspective to venture into any movie that bears the credit based on play by William Shakespeare.

Intrathecal Chemical Neurolysis With Phenol

Intrathecal Chemical Neurolysis With hydroxybenzeneCANCER PAINIntrathecal neurolysis with 6% pheno(prenominal) for intractable and opiate resistant perineal suffering sensation secondary to terminal bladder quartercer .Name Dr R SrivastavaDepartment Heart of England NHS Trust, Solihull.E-mail emailprotectedAbstractBackgroundIntrathecal chemical neurolysis with Phenol is a neurodestructive technique to provide saddle anaesthesia for perineal pain, in patients unresponsive to pharmacological therapy or not ameneable to surgical treatment. Its use has been advocated in patients with terminal complaint with a short life expentancy of slight than a year. Phenols neurodestructive mechanism relies on precipitation of proteins in the nerves with myelin sheath dissolution and axonal oedema, resulting in fibrosis. Neurolysis can be induced with chemicals equal phenol or alcohol or by physical methods of radiofrquency or cryoablationNeurolytic saddl block is a high risk procedure ahe ad(p) to almost irreversible neuro-destruction with meaning(a) risks including failure, paralysis and dissoluteness.Careful patient pick and psychological valuation is mandatory and comprehensive risks and benefits discernment should be carried out before embarking on this technique. Communication with patient is vital due to the resultant perspective effects of the block.ResultsPatient was extensively evaluated for the procedure with any co-morbidities and life expectancy considered and underwent subarachnoid chemical neurolysis with hyperbaric 5% phenol leading to drastic pain embossment and significant reduction in opiate consumption.Case ReportMr JJ ,a 73 year old gentleman was referred form a hospice with complaints of severe abdominal and anal pain due to a surgic anyy inoperable bladder tumour with extensive pelvic involvement and distant metastases . He was referred to our clinic from hospice with severe opiate resistant pain.Mr JJ was diagnosed with the Transitiona l Cell Carcinoma T2a N0 MX(Pulmonary nodules) G3,TCC Bladder, eight months ago when he initially presented with back and pelvic pain. He had pulmonary metastases and bladder biopsy and cystoscopy revealed a large neoplasm on the back wall of the bladder. Mr JJ underwent a radical course of radiotherapy. Subsequently he was admitted to the hospital with rectal pain . Examination under anaesthetic revealed a large mass extending from the bladder in to the prostrate.MRI scan confirmed the tumour with invasion of seminal vesicles and of the prostrate.He underwent ureteric stenting for his right hydronephrosis and hydroureter.His background included history of chronic obstructive airway indisposition, hypertension, diabetes, Ischaemic heart disease(Coronary stenting 5 years ago) and hypothyroidism.His pain at the sentence remained unsettled with associated symptoms of tenesmus, nausea and vomiting and profound saplessness. Mr JJ lived alone and was unable to cope on his own and was referred to hospice for further palliative care.He was initially treated with Zomorph 30mg doubly a day and with Oromorph as a PRN social disease for breakthrough pain. cark worsened over a period of six weeks when it was decided to start up him on a syringe driver of diamorphine 30 mgs and metoclopramide30 mgs. Inspite of some relief, he remained extremely confused and constipated.His syringe driver was changed to alfentanil 5mgs and haloperidol 3 mgs to reduce the bewilderment and drowsiness. Subsequent increment of alfentanil dose via the syringe driver did not resolve his rectal pain.In view of his worsening symptoms and prognosis ,saddle block with phenol for rectal pain remained the only viable option.After a careful assessment and explanation of the risks ( double incontinence and possible paralysis) and benefits of the procedure explained, patient was transferred to our centre as a day case and underwent intrathecal neurolysis with phenol.1 ml of 5% phenol in glycerol was injected intrathecally and flushed with 0.2 mls of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Patient was sat up for 30 legal proceeding to achieve a saddle block.In recovery he seemed to be pain free with no loss of motor power. Mr JJ was transferred back to the hospice the same day.During take note up it was noted that within a few days Mr JJs alfentanil infusion was stopped and he was more awake and was managing on small doses of oral morphine of up to 40 mgs a day. His tenesmus completely disappeared but he still complained of some dull aching and deep visceral pain.Case word of honorThere are more than 5000 deaths/year related to bladder cancer in the UK and it is the seventh commonest coiffe of cancer related deaths. Our patient had an extensive blossom out of his bladder tumor resulting in a combination of background visceral pain involving the rectum causing intractable tenesmusPrevalence of cancer pain in patients with incurable or advanced disease ranges from 43 -63%. More than one third of the patients complain of significant pain during the terminal stages of the disease.1Pathophysiological MechanismsThe mechanisms involving cancer pain are Gordian and can not be solely attributed to either nociceptive ,musculoskeletal , visceral or neuropathic pain .Pain presents itself as a combination of various mechanisms, which would be dependent on the characteristics of disease progression.Visceral pain as was the case with our patient has both spinal and vagal innervation with feature of dull and screen pain with poor localization.Cancer cells in combination with the stromal cells will result in release of inflammatory markers like endothelin, bradykinin , tyrosine kinase and proteases which would lead to sensitization of the nerve fibres.Tyrosine kinase seems to campaign an important role in the sensitization of the afferent nociceptors.2Growth of the tumor may cause direct compression of the nerve fibres resulting in ischemia related neuropathic pain.Cance r induced fig up pain is a result of proliferating osteoclasts which lead to bone resorption. This also leads to stimulation of TRPV1 and acid sensing channels expressed on the nerve fibres resulting in cancer associated bone pain.Periosteal sensitization of afferent fibres in an acidic melieu contributes to the persistence of cancer pain.3Assessment of cancer pain remains interlinking and is influenced by patient population, variability in assessment tool ,scoring systems and under reporting of severity of pain by patients.4Assessment of patients with cancer requires a dimensional approach in order to evaluate the physiological, psychological and social impact on life.A careful assessment of history, symptoms, signs and disease progression is crucial. Patients expectations with regards to treatment should be discussed and the impact of pain on patients functional activity should be assessed. Patients with cancer complain of background pain and exacerbation of pain (Breakthrough Pain), which business leader be related to movement or due to progression of tumor resulting in compression of underling tissues and organs . Metastases to the bone can be the uncreated cause of pain in up to 75% of the patients.Assessment of localization, severity, duration, exacerbating and relieving factors is a must.Cancer pain patients are often on high dose of opiates for their pain control, which may have a detrimental effect on their daily living due to side effects of tolerance to opiates, opioid induced hyperalgesia, leading to inadequate pain control.Management of cancer painCancer pain management in a palliative patient is challenging and requires consideration of all aspects of pain in the terminally ill.Optimum control can only be achieved if pharmacological and bio-psycho-social element of treatment are carefully reviewed.Most patients clearly are depressed and more than 75% suffer from moderate to severe pain.Surgical management is rarely appropriate in patients wi th distant metastases but may be indicated in some circumstances like internal fixation for pathological long bone fracture. Chest drainage may be inevitable for patients with mesothelioma for recurrent pleural effusion.Radiotherapy which can be localized or wide field and may be useful in patients with metastatic bone disease with proven efficacy of up to 60%. and 25% respectively.Radioisotopes like strontium are also used to treat metastatic bone disease but may not be cost hard-hitting in all healthcare systems.Chemotherapy may be helpful in some types of cancer,provided that the tumor remains chemo-sensitive. Assessing the benefits of chemotherapy with regards to prognosis and life expectancy is crucial as the side effects of chemotherapy may be more detrimental to the patient than the pain itself.hormonal therapy has been useful in prostrate and breast cancer with anti-androgen and anti-oestrogens as both types of cancer are hormone sensitive.Pelvic pain may result from the t umor invasion to organs andThe World Health Organisation (WHO) 3 step analgesic ladder of 1986 recommends a staged approach from non-opiods like paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to weak opioids and if necessary , immobile opioids for moderate to severe pain. However, the role of adjuvants like tricyclic anti-depressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and anticonvulsants like gabapentin and pregabalin should be considered and individualized depending on the symptomatology of the patient. NMDA antagonist like ketamine may help reduce central sensitization6Heavy reliance on strong opioids can lead to troublesome side effects which should be appropriately managed with laxatives and anti-emetics. Opioid rotation should be considered for opioid induced hyperalgesia as in the case of Mr JJ where diamorphine was substituted for alfentanil infusion.Evaluation of psychological factor of perception of pain and the behavioural responses has a significant impact o n patients lifestyle. Cognitive behavioral therapy may help elicit these perception and help individuals with chronic pain ,forming coping strategies.Pain management programme is helpful for the patient in identifying all aspects of pain and are aimed at upward(a) the quality of life.Physical therapy for pain is aimed at improving functionality and reducing the physiological deconditioning.Lifestyle adjustment in terms of daily flecks ,tasks and adapting to new envoirement should be planned for facilitating any coping strategies.Intervention techniques are aimed at targeting the source of pain involving destructive and non-destructive techniques which could involve local anesthetics and steroids for nerve blocks .Continuous infusions of local anaesthetics and opioids via a catheter placed intrathecally, can be used for spinal cord changeover and pain control. Catheter is connected to a programmable pump to administer the desired dose.Nerve destructive techniques should be only co nsidered in a multidisciplinary framework . Patient selection and progonostication of the illness is paramount.It is important that the patient has a full understanding of the procedure and the benefits at the expense of the undesired consequences of such a block like incontinence or motor paralysis.Trial of local anaesthetic is desirable in most cases to predict efficacy of further neurolysis.Neurolytic blocks necessiate the need for close monitoring and evaluation of patients pain scores in order to titrate the strong opioids accordingly.Indications and contraindications to Intrathecal neurolysisAlthough there has been a decreasing trend in the use of intrathecal neurolysis future(a) advancement in the techniques of spinal blocks with infusions of local anaesthetics and opioids intrathecal neurolysis has its place in a select subset of patients in whom the pain remains refractory inspite of conventional therapiesand treatment with strong opioids .The distinct advantage with neuro lysis is of reduction in the opiate consumption and the associated side effects. Complications of subarachanoid block include bladder and bowel dysfuction along with motor weakness .5.Pain relief associated with neurolytic blocks is short lived(less than 6 months), and disease progression may lead to refractory pain .In view of our patients limited life expectancy of less than two months with pre- exsisting bowel and bladder dysfunction ,intrathecal neurolysis was the quickest and the most cost effective way to provide pain relief.Neurodestructive techniques used in clinical put on range from cryoablation, radiofrequency lesioning to chemical neurolysis with Alcohol (50-100%),Phenol (7-12%) , Hypertonic saline and glycerol.Intrathecal neurolysisIt involves the destruction of nociceptive afferent fibres ,both myelinated and unmyelinated leading to almost instant pain relief. It is effective in well localized pain. The effect of neurolysis is short lived but it involves a short perio d of hospitalization in comparision to neurosurgical procedures like cordotomy.Phenol(7-12%) causes nerve destruction by coagulating protein in both small and large fibres which leads to degeneration of the nerves within the nerve roots involving more of the posterior than anterior columns. Nerves tend to see the light faster with phenol than alcohol .Phenol is hyperbaric and when mixed with glycerol, it tends to diffuse more slowly out of the solution causing a more targeted destruction compared to alcohol. It can be mixed with water but the nerve destruction will be more extensive.Phenol compared to alcohol is not painful on injection and for this reason alcohol injections are administered with a local anaesthetic. In immersions of lower than 5%, phenol tends to exert local anaesthetic action rather than neurodestructive. Phenol when mixed with glycerol or radiopaque dye can provide a higher concentration of up to 15%.Neurolysis with phenol in comparision to alcohol is milder a nd short lived. Due to the hyberbaric nature of phenol in comparision with alcohol, the patient is positioned with the affected side down to target the dorsal roots. Phenol being highly treacly requires a wider bore spinal needle for injection. Phenol can cause skin and tissue necrosis along with neuritis if the nerve destruction is incomplete.For patients undergoing neurolysis with alcohol the targeted side is positioned up due to the hypobaric nature of the solution. Patients are initially in the lateral position followed by proning to 45 degrees to target the dorsal roots. Alcohol may cause mild burning on injection.Hypertonic saline(10-15%) for intrathecal neurolysis can provide a significant relief of more than 50% but has significant side effects. resultantManagement of cancer pain is very complex and challenging and requires considerable expertise in providing appropriate care to terminally ill patients. Significant reliance on strong opioids is not without its side effects and a multifaceted approach towards pain control is warranted. Our patient was treated with chemical neurolysis as a last resort since all other measures had failed. Although it helped in reduction of opiate requirement and drowsiness, it still remains difficult to judge the correct dosage and concentration of phenol and balance it against the duration of pain free interval with minimum side effects for the patient before leading to death.Intrathecal neurolysis is not a routine procedure and outcomes of this type of intervention are variable. The extreme complications of this procedure and availability of other techniques makes clinicians reluctant to use in their regular clinical practice. However, cancer pain treatment needs to be tailored in accordance with the patients condition and chemical neurolysis may perhaps be the only option to relieve pain in specific patients.References1M. H. J. van den Beuken-van Everdingen, J. M. de Rijke, A. G. Kessels, H. C. Schouten, M. van Kleef, and J. Patijn, Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer a systematic review of the past 40 years, Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol. ESMO, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 14371449, Sep. 2007.2S. Pezet and S. B. McMahon, NEUROTROPHINS Mediators and Modulators of Pain, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 507538, 2006.3Review of Cellular Mechanisms of Tumor Osteolysis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, LWW. Online. Available http//journals.lww.com/corr/Fulltext/2000/04000/Review_of_Cellular_Mechanisms_of_Tumor_Osteolysis_.13.aspx. Accessed 23-Nov-2014.4C. Shute, The Challenges of Cancer Pain Assessment and Management, Ulster Med. J., vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 4042, Jan. 2013.5A. Watanabe and M. Yamakage, Intrathecal neurolytic block in a patient with refractory cancer pain, J. Anesth., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 603605, Aug. 2011.6Cancer Pain Management. The British Pain Society 2010

Sympathy for Frankensteins Monster

Sympathy for Frankensteins MonsterMary Shelley might have written Frankenstein because she was challenged by her husband and Lord Byron to teach who could write the best horror story while they were staying at Villa Diolati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Her father was interested in Galvanism- running electric currents by means of the body to res tear it to life. In the book, Victor Frankenstein uses similar methods to take a leak the devil. She was wish wellwise influenced by the accomplishments of Samuel Taylor and Aaron Burr.Firstly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster by describing his appearance in a unique yet horrific way hes gigantic about eight feet deformed black lips and lastly, yellow skin scarcely covered the piss of muscles and arteries beneath. When you link these descriptions together, Shelley creates a vivid, unnatural image of the monster in the minds eye. This creates sympathy for the monster by making him abhorrent to typical humans. Usually w hen someone is diametrical in the society, they are pitied, oppressed or threatened by the majority.Secondly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster the comments Victor makes behind his back. He says before making him that he hoped his creation would bless him as his creator. He also believed the monster to have happy and excellent nature and be beautiful. His words betrayed him when the monster was created. Instead of his work being beautiful, he says hes a filthy creation, hes ugly, horrid and a demonical corpse. This makes us sympathise for the monster because his father, his creator detests him. If the man that should be his father does not care him, it does not give him much hope with other people. The choice of words here are very emotive, it makes the reader feel sympathy and sorrow for the monster.Frankensteins brother, William, also detests the monster he states hes a monster An ugly wretch and an ogre. This also makes us feel poignancy for the monster because e ven though he has make no harm to William at that point, he is able to be prejudice just now by looking at his appearance.Thirdly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster by means of comments said to his face, Frankenstein says hes a vile insect, and also adds cursed be the dayin which you first saw light The language Shelly uses here is very powerful and emotive. He encourage goes on to say, Shall I create another like yourself, whose joints wickedness might desolate the world? This is even harsher as it is coming from his creator. It makes the reader want to shelter the monster and help him. He is lonely. All it wants is someone to like him, someone who would treat him like hes a person, not a thing or an insect.Fourthly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through what people do to him. Victor sprang on him and he flung his hands from his eyes with violence. This makes the reader feel sorry for the monster by making the monster sound helpless. He doesnt deserve this treatment. Victor further goes on to shred his girlfriend to pieces- just because the monster happened to be smiling at her. We feel empathy for the monster because it makes us realise that he has feelings like everyone else. A man in the woods just took one glance and he tore the girl from his armsaimed a gun at his body, and fired. This makes us realise how appalling people behave towards him. The man doesnt even give a chance to rationalize his reason for holding the girl- his appearance is good enough. These actions make us feel pity for him because we know he is innocent and all he wants is a friend.The ordinal way Shelley tries to make us feel sorry for the monster is through peoples reaction to him. Victor couldnt and wouldnt look at him he was unable to endure the vista of being he had created. He thinks of his creation as a putrid savage without thinking hoe helpless and unwanted the monster feels by his fathers reactions. We wouldnt like it if children shri eked and women fainted just from looking at us, would we?The sixth way Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster is though his actions when he comes to life. The monster muttered some inarticulate sounds to Frankenstein, he then smiled at Frankenstein, a grin wrinkled his cheeks. When the monster tries to touch Victor, he reacted badly. If someone rejected us just for being ourselves, we would feel actually sad. When the monster turned away, upset, from a window he could see a girl lovingly being lifted by her father. We feel sorry for the monster because we see how loving the man was to his child while Frankenstein loathes the monster. Her choice of language makes him sound vulnerable and emotional. He even wept when the family were upset, showing he has feelings for others, not just for himself.Finally Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through his speech. He says all men hate the wretched These words create sympathy for the monster because he knows hes been rejected by society for the way he looks. It isnt his fault the way he looks. People should have given him a chance and judged him on his character rather than his face.In conclusion, Mary Shelley makes us sympathise for the monster through his appearance, his actions, his speech and how others react to him. She gets across this by her choice of words. She uses emotive language brilliantly.

Elements Of Dance :: essays research papers

After reading the handout about tribal dances and ceremonies, I learned a lot of interesting things I never knew before. I guess the fact that I havent taken a dance class ever before and wasnt taught too more about dance in grammar school or high school, I was ignorant to how important and how influential rite dances are within a society. dance is an activity that can be dated as far back as the Stone Age, when people first existed on this planet. Not only that, ritual dances can be found in almost every culture today. In some areas of the world, dancing is a way of life. It can be utilise for a variety of reasons such as Fertility rituals, Initiation rituals, Rituals of the Hunt and Animals, Healing and funeral rituals, and struggle and Weapon rituals. Rituals are traditional clusters of actions. They are performed for the most detonate to cast magical spells and to influence gods and spirits. Rituals are also passed down from generation to generation.The ritual dance that m y group performed last Tuesday in class was titled War and Peace. It started off violent with an intense fight scene and ended with everyone being brought back to life and coming together with the linkage our hands, representing peace. With everything going on in the world right now, we thought it was an appropriate ritual dance to do because the point of it was to show how we must not kill individually other. We must rally together, figure out our differences and make peace. This ritual would be considered a specific ritual, which has a specific one-time purpose. The purpose obviously being the end of the terrorism thats going on and the prevention of a war.The other type of ritual the handout talks about is a cyclical. A cyclical is repeated each year or season. An example of this would be a rain dance that a tribe might do during a dry season when their crops pick up water. It seemed to me that the other two ritual dances did in class were probably cyclicals. They seemed as th ough they were dances that could be used over and over again as conflicting to our ritual that had a one-time purpose.Another interesting fact I found out while reading was how sound plays such a crucial component part in a ritual dance. It said that the drummer is the main music maker, and it is thought that the gods are spoken to, through drums.

Skiing Essay -- Sports

SkiingAlmost everyone around the world enjoys sports in one expression or another. Sports range from basketball, a team sport, to speed skating, to skiing. Sports are usually defined by the characteristics of the activity good sports must be made of nonuple strong attributes. These elements must make the sport enjoyable to all involved at many levels, to provide basic leisure, to test ones abilities and to develop the individuals mental and physiological boundaries. Skiing includes all of the right elements to produce a perfect sport it provides challenge at multiple levels, involves differing levels of risk and provides variety in activities. Challenge plays an necessity role in defining a sport it provides the individual with the feeling of achievement in success. Skiing poses challenge even in its simplest foundations. Skiing on a poor quality hill, with icy snow and poor upkeep can sometimes create more challenge than a well-groomed slope. Skiing in the backcountry away from lifts and other people in freshly fallen snow provides an opportunity for the best of skiers to test t...