'Environmental Engineering Essay\r'

'It involves waste pissing focusing and mien contaminant control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, purlieual sustainability, and public wellspringness issues as easy as a knowledge of environmental engineer law. It is a related rent of environmental acquaintance. principal(prenominal) task of environmental engineers is to protect public health by protecting (from further degradation), preserving (the bear witness cast of), and enhancing the environment.\r\nSome work of environmental engineers: Conducts hazardous-waste management studies to quantify the signifi set upce of such hazards, advise on preaching and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Design municipal pissing supply and industrial waste irrigate tr eat onment systems. name environmental issues such as the effects of dosage come down, global warming, ozone depletion, pee pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.\ r\nEnvironmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, (including only if not limited to Ecology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Soil wisdom, Geology, Atmospheric Science and Geography) to the topic of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the c tout ensemble for of environmental systems. Environmental science came alive as a substantive, expeditious field of scientific investigation in the mid-sixties and 1970s driven by the ff. ssues: (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems. (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specialised environmental protocols of investigation. (c) the evolution public aw arness of a need for run in addressing environmental problems.\r\nRelated beas of study: environmental studies †incorporates mor e of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. 2. environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improve environmental quality. Components of Environmental Science: Ecology is the study of the inter motions among beingnesss and their environment. Ecologists might investigate the relationship mingled with a population of beings and some(a) physical feature article of their environment, such as concentration of a chemical substance; or they might investigate the interaction amongst a cardinal populations of different organisms with some symbiotic or competitive relationship.\r\nFor utilization, an interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might admit several related environmental science fields. In an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial victimisation could impact certain species by irrigate and air pollution, biologists wo uld describe the coiffure and fauna, chemists would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh, physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would aid in understanding the marsh dents and bay muds. . Atmospheric sciences focuses on the Earth’s atmosphere, with an fierceness upon its interrelation to different systems. Atmospheric sciences can hold studies of meteorology,greenhouse gas phenomena, atmospherical dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants,[3][4] sound wing phenomena related to noise pollution, and even light pollution.\r\npickings the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists create figurer models of atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation infection, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the build and animal contributions to carbon dioxide fluxes, and pickyists such as meteorologists and oceanographers add additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics. 3. Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment.\r\nPrincipal areas of study allow primer contamination and water pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, drying up of a solvent containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota. As an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank car which has entered the habitat solid ground of an endangered species of amphibian.\r\nAs a method to resolve or understand the purpose of soil contamination and sub stand up transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented. Chemists would then remember the molecular bonding of the solvent to the specialised soil type, and biologists would study the impacts upon soil arthropods, plants, and ultimately pond-dwelling organisms that are the victuals of the endangered amphibian. 4. Geoscienc es include environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earth’s crust.\r\nIn some classification systems this can excessively includehydrology, including oceanography. As an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists. Fluvial geomorphologists would assist in examining sediment transport in terrestrial flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity. Ecology study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. †starts as early as ccc BC with the Greek named Theophastus, his interest with the interrelationship between organism and the subsisting environment, become his as the male parent of Bot some(prenominal). Environment refers to the sum of all the external forces and conditions performing on a n organism or community of organism. †oekologie was coined by the german zoologist, Ernst Haeckel, comes from the greek word oikos, meaning business firm or a place to live in. defines as the relationship of animals some(prenominal) to the organic as well as the inorganic environment, †in the mid-1900’s two group of botanist, one from the Europe and America, become kindle in the study of plants communities, the Europeans concentrated on the composition, coordinate and distribution of plant communities, on the early(a) touch the Americans concentrate to the development of plant, eventually they become interested at the animals as well, and gave a greater emphasis on inter-relationship of animals and plants.\r\nThis become the birth of ecology as the formal field of study. †British economist, Thomas Malthus, gave special attention to population in the early nineteenth century, his the first one o recognized the encounter between expanding popu lation and earths capability to supply it. †context of ecology, organism (eg. Proto-plasma, cell, tissue, organ, organ system), population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. electric organism: Levels of organization of tone (inside the organism): Protoplasma †it makes up the living substance of the cell.\r\nCell †staple fibre unit of life Tissue-group of cell performing specific functions Organ- group of tissue carrying a position functions Organ system †group of organ doing s specific function. Levels of organization of life (inside the organism): Population †group of organism of the same kind or species occupying a busy place at a particular time. familiarity †a group of populations occupying a given area. Ecosystem †fundamental unit of ecology, refers to the interaction between the organism and environment. It includes population, communities, habitat (the place where the organism lives) and the environment. eg. forest, grassland, ri ver, etc. ) Biosphere †world of life. It is the helping of the earth where in life on its any form existed. Components of ecosystem: biotic †they are the living components of ecosystem consisting of plants, animals and bacteria. Abiotic †they are the non living component that consist of substratum, light, rainfall, nutrients, soil, temperature, etc. Biotic Components: Green plants kn protest as the producers. They capture the push coming from the sun and together with the CO2 in the air and H2O converts this into intellectual nourishment cypher.\r\nThey are called autotrophs (self nourishing), they fabrication their own food through the process of photosynthesis. in that respect are also microscopic green plant called phytoplanktons, they give the green colouring material to the bodies of water such as lake and rivers Animals Known as the consumers. Obtain other food sources to other plants and animals they are called heterotrophs. Three types of consume rs: Herbivores †that eat plants only Carnivores †animals that eat other animals. Omnivores- eat both plants and animals.\r\nBacteria and Fungi They are called decomposers. They eat the exsanguinous bodies of plants and animals, where they get their energy and convert it to other nutrients backside into the environment. They are popular called the janitor of the nature. Abiotic Components: Soil the upper mould of the earth’s crust affected by plants and animals serves as the habitat and pool of nutrients for many organism. humus dark decaying organic substance found in the soil. Physical characteristic of soil: Color The color of the soils is function by the element pass in the soil.\r\nSoil color and element presesent: Grey (lacks of iron) brownness & red (rich in iron) Texture the grain of the soil affects the amount of water and nutrients the soil can hold. Texture of the soil: Sandy (composed of coarse particles) carcass (consist of fine particles) Silt (composed of medium size particles. ) loamy (mixture of clay, sand and silt) Moisture Water content of the soil. It is influence by factors such as: Texture measurement of rainfall Slope of the land Underlying careen type. pH The concentration of hydrogen ions on the soil.\r\nThe soil which contain a large amount of calcium oxide is alkaline and with large amount of granite id acidic. pH apprize raging from 1-6 is acidic and 8-14 are basic art object those with 7 reading is neutral type of soil. twist Refers to the arrangement of it’s particle which build up larger amount of soil structure is called peds. The peds ill-use will result to the poor drainage of water to the soil. 2. Water Importance of water in ecosystem: It typify of a large percentage of the tissues of all living organism. Required by plants to support their non woody tissues.\r\n employ by the plants as a vessel of nutrients from the soil. It is listless by the plant and release in the environmen t which produces the cooling effect. Plant adaptation to water: (Based on the tolerance of plant to water. ): * Hydropytes (Plants that grow in water and waterlogged soils) * Halophytes (Plants that grow in saline environment. ) * Xerophytes (Plants that grow in dry or arid condition. 3. Temperature Affects the plant and cooled blooded animals by controlling their metabolism. Affect the water loss of the organism.\r\nMost organism function at temperature between 0 pointedness to 50 degree centigrade.. 4. Wind An agent of pollination and seed dispersal. It also affects transpiration in the plants by causing faster vaporisation with in their surroundings. Pathways of energy: Energy It is needed by the organism for growth, maintenance and repair and for life. Organism oblige their energy by two ways: Autotrophy (producing their own food) Heterotrophy (eating other organism) feed Chain Consist of the chronological successio n of organism that eat other organism through which energy is transferred. Every food drawstring starts a producer and end with decomposers.\r\nTrophic levels of food chain: First trophic ( producers) Second trophic (herbivores called patriarchal consumers) Third trophic (carnivore that eat hervobores) 4th trophic (carnivores that eat carnivores) In food chain the energy transferred from one trophic level to another is decreasing. Food web Consist of several interlocking food chain. It is a transfer of energy involving several pathways. Nutrients make pass: Classification of Nutrients: Macronutrients †those that are required by organism by large quantities. Ex. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen Micronutrient †are needed by the organism by littler amounts.\r\nEx. Sulfur, potassium, iron, and phosphorus. Water Cycles: Evaporation (from bodies of water) Respiration ( from animals) Transpiration (from the trees) Condensation (accumulation of all the vapors, transpirati on and respiration) Precipitation (for rain) Runoff (water run from the higher grounds) coulomb and Oxygen cycle: Carbon is mostly present in the environment by cabon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is present at: It could be found at out of work organism. Volcano eruption. Respiration of animals. Oxygen is abundant in plants transpiration, it is release in the air as a waste product and absorbed by animals.\r\n north Cycles: Nitrogen constitutes 78% of air in the atmosphere. Plants employ it as a nitrates, and nitrogen converted it by two process: The action of lightning. Process of action by specialized organism such as legumes. Communities Community Group of different kinds of organism or species living together in a particular place. Worlds Major communities: 1. Dessert Biome Bushes and shrubs for vegetation Sandy, dry and unused type of soil. Less than 10 cm of rain fall in a year. Lizards, snakes, eagles, owls, toads, insects and small\r\n'